Sputter target selection guide by metal

When selecting a suitable metal target grain size is an important consideration. The following provides a guide to some of the key features.

Quick guidance for SEM

FE-SEM

• The smallest grain size high resolution FE-SEM – using a high vacuum sputter coater – is usually considered to be chromium or tungsten, but  both oxidise on contact with air so specimens ideally need to be observed soon after coating or stored under vacuum.
• Iridium has a very small grain size (typically sub-nanometer) and does not oxidise. High vacuum required.
• The smallest grain size high for FE-SEM using a standard vacuum (rotary pumped) sputter coater is with  platinum or platinum/palladium.

W-SEM

Coating for tungsten SEM – using a standard vacuum (i.e.rotary pumped) sputter coater: platinum, gold, gold/palladium platinum/palladium

See also our target selection guide by brand and model. Target selection by brand and model.

Sputter target selection by metal

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Chromium (Cr) targets

Chromium is widely used for high resolution coating for FE-SEM applications, typically giving a sub-nanometre grain size. Chromium is an oxidising metal and requires a high vacuum coater (e.g. /em/safematic-high-vacuum-sputter-coater). SEM samples that have been newly coated with Cr will quickly oxidise on contact with air and should therefore be observed immediately or stored under vacuum. See: EM-Storr vacuum storage containers.

Gold (Au) targets

A typical grain size is around 5nm and the metal gain structure can often be visualised in an SEM at magnifications of 30,000X and above. Historically gold sputter coating was popular for SEM and is still widely used in many laboratories, even though other metals offer finer grain coating characteristics.

Gold/Palladium (Au/Pd) targets

Has the same properties (sputtering rate, secondary electron yield etc.) as gold, but the grain size of the film is usually smaller. Palladium is thought to inhibit the growth of gold grains on the specimen surface during the sputtering process.

Iridium (Ir) targets

Sputtered iridium films exhibit a very fine grain size on virtually all materials and is an excellent all-round fine grain coating material for FESEM applications. For many it is the material of choice for high and ultra-high resolution FESEM imaging. Iridium has the added benefits of being a non-oxidising material (no storage issues) and having a high SE yield, it is replacing chromium for high resolution SEM coating. To sputter iridium successfully requires the use of a high vacuum, high resolution sputter coater Iridium sputtering rates are lower than chromium. Iridium targets are thicker due to fabricated constraints (it is a brittle metal), but overall costs are normally lower than for Pt or Pt/Pd.

Iridium is also an excellent alternative material for coating SEM samples which have to be analyzed for carbon by EDX or WDX. A thin layer is enough to give excellent conductivity and since the material is very thin it hardly interferes with EDX or WDX analysis.

Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) targets

ITO targets consist of indium oxide and tin oxide with a 90/10 wt% composition. ITO is an interesting material since it is both electrically conductive and light transparent. Applications in SEM include Cathodeluminescence imaging and/or the analysing of non-conductive samples with a detector/spectrometer. ITO is also useful for coating glass coverslips for correlative microscopy and array tomography applications.

ITO Coating for Correlative Microscopy – Tips & Tricks for Scanning Electron and Fluorescence Imaging – see: this link

Nickel (Ni) targets

Nickel is an alternative coating material for SEM EDX applications and BSE imaging. It is not ideal for SE imaging and the coating oxidises slowly. It has a (very) low sputtering rate due to its low work function and the fact that as a magnetic material it “short circuits” the magnet in the DC magnetron sputter head, resulting in a less dense plasma. In a standard vacuum (rotary pumped) SEM coater, the coating contains a mixture of Ni and Ni-oxide. The Ni coating layer can enhance elements through X-ray fluorescence. If needed, nickel coatings can be removed if needed with a hydrochloric acid or nitric acid.

Palladium (Pd) targets

Palladium sputtering is sometimes used instead of carbon for x-ray microanalysis (application dependent).

Platinum/Palladium (Pt/Pd) targets

A Pt/Pd alloy (80/20) has a similar grain size and SE yield as pure Pt, but is less senstive to “stress cracking” under the SEM beam. Platinum/Palladium is a suitable all-round coating material for FESEM applications when thin coatings are used.

Platinum (Pt) targets

Sputter coated platinum typically gives a grain size of around 2-3nm and offers the best routine fine grain coating from a rotary pumped SEM coater, such as the Safematic CCU-010LV. Platinum has an excellent SE yield, but is higher work function results in slower sputtering than gold (typically 60% slower). Platinum tends to be sensitive to “stress cracking” when oxygen is present (oxygen can be released from some porous SEM samples).

Silver (Ag) targets

Silver sputtering is a most suitable and low cost alternative to gold sputtering in many SEM imaging applications in the low and medium magnifications ranges. For SEM and FIB/SEM silver is a widely underestimated coating material and has the highest conductivity of all metals. When using EDS, silver can be an alternative to gold coating for many biological samples if P, Cl and S need to be analysed. The sputtering rate of silver is similar to that of gold, but the SE yield is somewhat lower than for Pt, Au or Ir.

The grain size of sputtered silver is similar or slightly larger than gold, except for samples containing halogens which can result in coarser sputtered grains. Sputtered silver coatings can tarnish (in the presence of halogens) and are less suitable for long term storage. Generally silver is an excellent low cost coating material for many less demanding SEM imaging applications and for table top SEMs.

An additional advantage of silver is that coatings can be dissolved and the sample surface studied in the original conditions. Removal of Au, Au/Pd, Pt and Ir coatings is more difficult and involves very harsh chemicals. Silver coatings can be removed with Farmer’s reducer (a mixture of potassium ferricyanide and sodium thiosulfate).

Tungsten (W) targets

Tungsten is an excellent alternative for ultra-high resolution SEM coating. Sputtered tungsten has a very fine grain size and tends to be less visible than chromium, but like chromium it oxidises rapidly on contact with air. For this reason samples must be imaged immediately after coating or stored under vacuum (See: EM-Storr vacuum storage containers). Tungsten has a low sputtering rate, but due to its high atomic number the SE yield tends to be higher.

Examples of other sputtering materials – although not commonly used in EM

Carbon (C) targets

Although it is possible to sputter carbon, the deposition rate is very low and therefore impractical for most applications. Thermal evaporation using instruments such as the Safematic CT-010 carbon coater is recommended for SEM and TEM carbon coating applications.

Cobalt (Co) targets

Cobalt is not generally used for SEM coating applications. It has a very low sputtering rate due to its low work function and the fact that as a magnetic materials it “short circuits” the magnet in the DC magnetron sputter head with a less dense plasma as a result. In a standard SEM coater, the coating contains a mixture of Co and Co-oxide. The Co coating layer can enhance elements through X-ray fluorescence.

Indium (In) targets

Indium is not generally used for SEM coating applications. It has a very low sputtering rate due to its low work function. In a standard SEM coater, the coating contains a mixture of In and In-oxide. The In coating layer can enhance elements through X-ray fluorescence

Tin (Sn) targets

Tin is not generally used for SEM coating applications. It has a very low sputtering rate due to its low work function. In a standard SEM coater, the coating contains a mixture of Sn and Sn-oxide. The Sn coating layer can enhance elements through X-ray fluorescence.

Zinc (Zn) targets

Zinc is not generally used for SEM coating applications. It has a very low sputtering rate due to its low work function. In a standard SEM coater, the coating contains a mixture of Zn and Zn-oxide. Zn coating layers can enhance elements through X-ray fluorescence.